Barriers to initiate a discussion about advance care planning among older Taiwanese residents of nursing homes and their families: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: In Taiwan, the Patients' Right to Autonomy Act was enacted in 2019. However, advance care planning (ACP) implementation rates remain low in long-term care facilities. AIM: This study explored the barriers to initiate a discussion about ACP among older Taiwanese residents of nursing homes and their families. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative design was used. Face-to-face interviews were individually conducted with 38 participants (residents: 18; family members: 20), and data were analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS: Five themes were identified: (1) having cultural or spiritual concerns (both groups), (2) prioritizing the bigger picture (family) (both groups), (3) waiting for the right time (both groups), (4) feeling unsure (residents), and (5) following the pace of the residents (family members). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that discussing ACP with Chinese people and their families clashes with traditional Chinese culture. To implement ACP in long-term care facilities based in regions with ethnically Chinese populations, medical professionals must ensure that the residents and their family members understand advance directives and their role in ensuring a good death and must act as a bridge between residents and their family members to assist them in making consensual end-of-life-care decisions with residents.

Impediments to Signing Advance Directives in Nursing Home Residents: A Qualitative Study.

Although public opinion in Taiwan has shifted to favoring self-determination regarding end-of-life care, many nursing home residents still entrust their end-of-life care decision making to family members. This study examined Chinese cultural impediments to nursing home residents signing advance directives. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted using content analysis. In total, 18 nursing home residents participated in face-to-face interviews. Five main themes were identified: (1) bad omens, (2) inability, (3) traditional culture, (4) uncertainty, and (5) unmet needs. The death taboo that is a prominent feature of Chinese culture and the delivery of generic information are primary impediments. Therefore, health care providers should provide tailored information about advance directives, communicate directly with residents, ensure that residents understand the relationship between signing an advance directive and having a good death, and respect the final decisions of residents.

Cultural impediments to frank communication regarding end-of-life care between older nursing home residents and their family members in Taiwan: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: When older nursing home residents and their families are faced with end-of-life care decisions in Taiwan, they make them in the context of traditional cultural norms and socioeconomic changes. Both parties (residents and their family members) are often unwilling to broach the topic, leading to a decisional impasse. The aim of this study was to understand difficult-to-raise issues related to end-of-life care by investigating the perspectives of older nursing home residents and their family members. METHODS: This qualitative descriptive study was conducted using content analysis based on the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants, and sampling continued until data saturation. Data were collected using semi structured interviews, and related analyses were conducted using an inductive approach. RESULTS: Ten residents and twelve family members were interviewed individually. Six main themes were identified: (1) the inevitability of a goodbye; (2) a good death; (3) going with or against traditional culture; (4) better a good death than a bad life; (5) abiding by the residents' decisions; and (6) being willing but unable to take care of residents. CONCLUSION: Nursing home residents and their family members' thoughts on end-of-life care shifted toward the concept of a good death, and they even regarded death as a form of liberation. Health care providers may serve as mediators to counsel a resident and their family members separately, enabling them to speak up and understand each other's thoughts on end-of-life care before a decision is made so that neither party has regrets.

"We Want to Sign It, But We Can't Do It": Results From a Qualitative Pilot Study of Experiences Related to Advance Directives Among Families of Older Residents in a Long-term Care Facility.

This study aimed to clarify the experiences of family members of older adult residents regarding the signing of an advance directive in the context of a Chinese culture. Twenty family members of older residents in a long-term care facility participated in face-to-face interviews, and the researchers conducted a thematic analysis of observation field notes and interview transcripts. A content analysis of the interviews revealed 4 themes concerning the refusal to sign advance directives: resident decision, group decision, not entitled to decide, and random decision. Health providers may serve as mediators and pass on the residents' views regarding their end-of-life care to their families after holding discussions with residents and their families separately to ensure that an agreeable decision regarding the modes and objectives of EOL care is reached and that such a decision respects the right of the patient to choose.

Action research study on advance care planning for residents and their families in the long-term care facility.

BACKGROUND: Research in Taiwan has indicated that advance care planning is rarely undertaken in long-term care facilities. The purpose of this study was to develop an advance care planning interview guideline and care model to facilitate the process of advance care planning for residents and their families in long-term care facilities. METHODS: This study follows an action research design. Cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection were planned and modified based on the results of interviews with residents and their families as well as meetings with staff. To establish the interview guideline and care model through this action research study, residents and their families were interviewed separately. The researcher subsequently held meetings with staff members to evaluate the results and identify problems during each advance care planning process. This information was synthesised and used to modify the care model for implementation with the next resident-family pair. This process was performed a total of ten times. RESULTS: This study included residents (N = 10), their families (N = 20), and medical staff (N = 4) at a long-term care facility. The interviews and meetings were audio recorded, transcribed, and subjected to a simple thematic analysis together with the field notes and reflection logs. Four themes emerged from the data related to: opening the conversation with the interview guidelines about the life story of residents; continuing life stories to the quality of remaining years of the residents; gradually changing the topic to the end-of-life care issues; and concluding the conversation by explaining the content of advance directives and hospice care. CONCLUSIONS: The advance care planning care model was implemented following logical thinking from a Chinese perspective. This consisted of opening, developing, changing, and concluding through the views of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. The research findings indicate that the model successfully facilitated the process of advance care planning for residents and their families.

Cultural perspectives of older nursing home residents regarding signing their own DNR directives in Eastern Taiwan: a qualitative pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Chinese tradition and culture developed from Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism and have influenced ethnic Chinese for thousands of years, particularly thoughts on death. Many ethnic Chinese, particularly older people, refrain from discussing death-related concerns, making it difficult to obtain advance directives, including do-not-resuscitate (DNR) directives, signed independently by older people. This study explored the attitudes of older nursing home residents in Taiwan toward signing their own DNR directives. METHODS: This study adopted purposive sampling and collected data through in-depth interviews. The data were analysed using qualitative inductive content analysis, and the study location was a nursing home in Eastern Taiwan. RESULTS: A total of 11participants were recruited from a sample of 12 eligible participants. Most of the older residents in this study refused to make decisions independently regarding DNR directives. Content analysis of the interviews revealed four themes concerning refusing to sign DNR directives independently: not going against nature, accepting the results of cause and effect, viewing the family as a decision-making system, and practising self-effacement. Chinese cultural aspects, including Taoist, Buddhist, and Confucian philosophy, affected the autonomy of the older residents, and they relied on others to make decisions for them. CONCLUSIONS: Professionals must respect this family-oriented decision-making thinking of older residents because it reflects personal choice. Otherwise, healthcare providers may play a mediating role in coordinating and communicating between older residents and their families regarding EOL-care-related concerns, replacing the traditional practice of holding a family meeting.

Providing hospice home care to the terminally ill elderly people with cancer in Taiwan: family experiences and needs.

We explored caregivers' experiences and needs when providing hospice home care to their terminally ill elderly patients with cancer in Taiwan for 1 year. A total of 44 caregivers were interviewed using a semistructured interview once monthly during hospice home care visits until the patients' deaths. Content analysis of the interviews revealed 5 themes, hoping for a cure, experiencing fluctuating emotions, accepting the patient's dying, regarding the patient's death as a good death, and needing emotional support and information. Caregivers in hospice home care who experienced difficulties tended to seek emotional support and information throughout the entire caregiving process. With a greater understanding of caregivers' experiences and needs, nurses can alleviate caregivers' negative emotional reactions by actively attending to their needs during this process.